2 10 181 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/51d10c9cf94fc499a92e89b41d347aa3.jpg?Expires=1782950400&Signature=cQCsvyuHvf0qKcaqvRbc68wS5nQLUebvZ9jrIaSUMrpSTgBPeatOHDJhIqogKPH4yZqqve9w-mAgKALUzbODKdjjnXgNY9MMBVQH1EeUR5QmpZAcF2vNvafgnrzoh4rzVSgDFtbJoJOZHl3wsPC97OF9VV7HRPOd8hHSvweGmrE2V200JwB90aTVWwBX805l5qyZ5r%7EvJP7R9Q31Kwy26tfMs92Tt1xckJ-Nz7IA0cgpXX4G6TkQg8QYdwNRt8jA9WPXPnxo30L8w%7EXQHNxDiYgyE%7E7KV7V%7EEbHhBSH2VgqqNLl3CJcT1dYtnuAbxqowKDhCe%7EHjyI8jhSnGZ77rdQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 969e60cd3cd70880be403ce019924204 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco's Japantown Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco home to one of the largest Japanese communities in America, had the distinction of having multiple Japantowns within the city. The earliest Japantowns initially started sometime in the 1890s and were located south of the Market District and within Chinatown. San Francisco served as the main focal point of entry for Japanese coming to mainland America, and the Japanese community there is the oldest in the continental United States. Many Japanese organizations got their start in the city, such as the Buddhist Church, (he first Pure Land Buddhist Church in America), which was founded in 1898. The Nihonmachi, south of Market was located along the back streets of Jessie and Stevenson and consisted primarily of lodgings, bath houses, and pool halls. The earthquake of 1906 devastated these two earlier Japantowns along with most records on them. The South Park Japantown was made up of businesses appealing to newly arrived Japanese and travelers, as it was strategically located between the Southern Pacific Railroad Station and docks used by various Japanese shipping companies. This neighborhood was a starting point for many Japanese who had just arrived in America and offered lodgings, baths, general good stores, and places to eat. While the South Park Japantown came and went, the Western Addition was rapidly growing as the majority of Japanese moved there after the earthquake. This area had been the home for many years to many middle, and upper-class white families. However, the neighborhood also had a distinct Jewish population, who owned many of the buildings in the area. After the 1906 Earthquake many of the Japanese who relocated to the Western Addition would rent their homes and businesses from Jewish landlords. The Japanese had settled between Sutter Street to the North, Geary to the South, Webster to the West and Octavia to the East. By 1910 there were over fifty Japanese-run businesses, and the neighborhood was home to over four thousand Japanese. As the main port of trade between Japan and the United States, the San Francisco Japantown catered to visitors from Japan as well as from other Japantowns in the country. The Western Addition Japantown like most Japantowns at the time was made up of bachelors and contained many hotels, bathhouses, and gambling dens. However, within a few short years after the arrival of the picture brides there is evidence of changing demographic, as a few midwives appeared in the area to offer their services. As the neighborhood began to be populated with Japanese families, many of the children started to attend the two local schools, the Raphael Weill School and Pacific Heights Elementary. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1942 raids were conducted on all Japantowns up and down the west coast by the F.B.I. and local police. The Japanese population of San Francisco was required to register at either the Kinmon Gakuen School, the Raphael Weill School, or the YMCA on Buchanan Street. Within a few short weeks the entire Japanese community had to prepare to be evacuated and started to make plans for what to do with their homes, businesses, and belongings. A lot of businesses had to sell their inventory at a loss, and some families had to abandon their homes and items. In April of 1942, the Japanese of San Francisco were required to report to the assembly centers, with many going to Tanforan in San Bruno. Tanforan had previously been a race track that had been converted to house the Japanese temporarily until the internment camps were ready. Because Tanforan had been hastily constructed, the assembly center had poor living conditions and many people had to live out of stables for months until they were sent off to the Topaz Internment Camp. In September of 1942, the first groups arrived at Topaz and would spend the remainder of the war in the camp. They had not broken any laws, nor did they have a fair hearing to voice their opposition. Life in the Topaz camp was difficult, as the weather conditions were harsh, but the Japanese Americans persevered and aided the war effort by donating food and supplies. Without the Japanese living in the Japantown, many African Americans came to settle in the unoccupied neighborhood. As the war went on many jobs were filled by minorities who came to San Francisco to work in the city’s factories. Having nowhere else to go since they were not allowed to live in white neighborhoods, many people settled in the uninhabited Japantown. During the war the African American population of the city increased by over 43,000, with many living in the Western Edition section of San Francisco.As the war came to an end the Japanese slowly started to return to San Francisco, where they found their neighborhood had drastically changed. Housing was very problematic as many families had lost their homes and had to relocate elsewhere. The local churches and schools along with the War Relocation Authority and other government agencies helped in assisting the Japanese to return to the city and in providing temporary places for people to stay. Finding work proved difficult for many people, as hostility against them persisted for years after the war and a lot of companies refused to hire any Japanese Americans. Many lost their businesses and were unable to start over again and so took on manual labor jobs. For many years city officials and business interests were looking at ways to clear the Western Addition of what they called “urban blight”. In 1948 a large part of Japantown had been selected for urban redevelopment and with the passage of the National Housing Act of 1949 the city was granted funds and the ability of eminent domain to clear out areas that they determined were overcrowded or run down. The project was divided into two project areas designated A-1, which was the area south of Post Street, and A-2, which consisted of the land north of Post Street. Soon after the city started their plans for redevelopment, many residents’ banded together and held meetings to discuss the dangers of the city’s plans. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) protested the plans for redevelopment and argued that the city incorporate the following ideas into the order: non-segregation and non-discrimination in new dwellings, construction of permanent, low-cost public housing, priority given to people displaced from the area to move into newly built units, priority given to small businessmen and professional people in commercial areas to move into new building projects, and full protection of present property owners in selling, plus equal and full opportunity to participate in construction of new units if financially able to do so. However, these demands were ignored and never implemented, as the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA) started its plans for the A-1 project and began to buy properties in 1956. From 1950 to 1960 the SFRA slowly cleared out a large portion of the Western Addition. Those evicted were unable to negotiate and were not given any aid in relocating. Over 8,000 people were kicked out of their homes, and of the 2,014 new homes built by the SFRA only 686 of them were offered at affordable prices. Because of the lack of affordable housing, many Japanese had to relocate elsewhere. Restrictions against where they could live meant many left the city to live in the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960 the Japanese population of the Western Addition decreased from 5,383 to 3,914. The construction of the Geary Expressway that began in 1961 would act as a divider between the African-American neighborhood and Japantown. During the A-2 phase of redevelopment, over 11,000 homes were torn down to be replaced with only 7,132 units. City and business officials wished to make the Japantown area into a popular tourist destination and invited many high-priced businesses to the neighborhood. The scope of the A-2 project ranged from Bush to Grove Street to Broderick and Van Ness Avenue and encompassed over 270 acres. To counter the protests and outcry from the A-1 project phase, the United Committee for the Japantown Community was formed in 1962, and together with the Nihonmachi Community Development Cooperation were able to save the four blocks between Bush, Sutter, Webster and Laguna streets from being completely demolished. The local community was also permitted to participate in the creation of the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki, an American-born Japanese architect, designed the project while the peace plaza and pagoda were done by Dr. Yoshiro Taniguchi and donated by the people of Osaka, Japan. Work on the center began in 1965 and took three years. When the center opened, it featured such businesses as Hitachi, Nissan, and Mitsubishi as well as the upscale Miyako Hotel, and the Kinokuniya Bookstore. To preserve the aesthetic of the neighborhood, architects Rai Y. Okamoto and Van Bourg/Nakamura were hired by the SFRA to design the Buchanan Mall project which began construction in 1970 and would finish five years later. The project was done to create a cultural landmark for tourists to visit, with fountains, cobble streets, and a large gate signaling the entrance to Japantown. Unfortunately, due to the development of the Japantown Center and Buchanan Mall, the property value of the neighborhood skyrocketed, preventing many previous residents and businesses from staying in the area. As the focus of the neighborhood switched to become a tourist spot, the Japanese community would be further split apart. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Man Boarding up his business in preparation for the evacuation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived [Japanese-American boarding up store front before evacuation, San Francisco]. California San Francisco, 1942. [April] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2001705940/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/0f1a13fc46a49a2f77ce4a2d961b51f1.tif?Expires=1782950400&Signature=hZjbhc1P7D7ba8Z5yRUlmjvf9xmGSM0cs0A84IyuSbe5gNOMi9cum43M-C8phZSpubUnQ22YUf-NdMDHL5w%7EojrZuqpPN-yiqui-Eh-fnfCVQHRmO3Zmnx4kHXULqjpulJWAmSDiBayT7RakRh7DjCb2txyrcJqQKfCugg4XOrNiaL4DEtpf8uUJCfbC6W7M2SddGgAP-mKITeZXIc2vxTjuRUGtncWbEVBe-tq4bplkXQe4DWxDTGSz%7EAuznfXqJtlQgD7gCSycl-PcljJZp-iJvDXX8BafPIoBAXrbigjQYfD0ac%7EBk-Q5ViyBgvYptmDg35yI2sGBypl5zGdnpg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f78aa44ac51c20478b5a22b62f54021d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Santa Anita Reception Center, Los Angeles, California Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lee, Russell, photographer. Santa Anita reception center, Los Angeles, California. The evacuation of Japanese and Japanese-Americans from West Coast areas under U.S. Army war emergency order. Registering Japanese-Americans. California Los Angeles County, 1942. Apr. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa1998003583/PP/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1942 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/dc6b5c9a5f62963ab0f3be9212e43a67.TIF?Expires=1782950400&Signature=Az9ng6tySbo2R5XeL0O3PCRd-fM67ZjQXDn0bIWaB251oHX4wHTMuchKfZYDzD44bk5zYnHPVaaOGMkWinfCXbp3QIPZJGBAaeUesQWzEXCg4fUPncse2lMqyA9J5RRUGi%7EWSk3BZU0PNprWVb6TlpZFdpobk1arLxnhbGSADkq8FUk7ttg1dSyOeo3GwVv28LU8k0WjtDC5QID%7EilDdjNQP1u2bzk7scoUkpggEwZW2B5rr0-ay7d8tXNGhHvDIBPm0U0ZBZmKfiBVA0n3UWBsyWbqFeyQYJPG54wnNu%7EEbfsi%7E-WxFr%7EDKAImmTvdAUEzXpv%7EaJQESzTiyuvAVcg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e36ada3d8b6534454138a9e05958ad7c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heart Mountain Internment Camp high school campus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of the Interior. War Relocation Authority. 2/16/1944-6/30/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Central Photographic File of the War Relocation Authority, 1942 - 1945 Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, 1941 - 1989 (National Archives) National Archives, WRA, Reproduction number Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1943 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/66a7a5b11fa8b9ec1b2e6d21cc441253.png?Expires=1782950400&Signature=rGoONirEs2SfCxZLFxXDM6cdnpBRGXKGJbiVev59klGhoin9cFyQvjV4LtmTCwC6HkgwNnAIwzOj3e7pklav3Lq2XYHU8gOAFES%7EF5f%7E7KG1%7EUvu6Br7OWFMNkpG9bHPhx36Hg-N1dsJBMwgwJ%7EZmhriFbzsRwWZq%7EF53G1Gh0aUdPd6m1eJ0ruZdu1a4-I%7EWSzQ5K%7E4hvl%7EGvekjwsuIbo5rjSE1MeIfb5l094VJ7NYBMoHW1osPLtsRuLEQHlaOAqfq7ejlRhywLAaXtsS7RC9kOgYajh4H6FkOhMAhJsatgByfzwXXC64qTmp3XY3Jl80ylCwYIpZ1XkfODuNJQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 827033508882b3a9834e5926775f34fc https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/1cf52f1626b0ec49541c70f17363883a.jpg?Expires=1782950400&Signature=eZMheteu%7EmjPyihpQqXbfLrL6BS1hEJGNQ1Y3xCA7KU8VireMF4knmBMoYMSE23Zg3yrIlp1sOxjEdIhGCRtW%7E8y7PLXW-RTcnS5CK2vdiDaK3gHMdmNr4-42qCO4ktwvvCKbZsLQxcp0Q3oOohdOtqipekmTBLxDmkO5xBzGHe7Uy060FwgAHDmrelcq7BFy0hKBDr0eXP16jyJuYfAEwLyreZ4PaKayhbCvnrD0Ry-zrlpqk5jpC0bYZKJ9gG9K5R6s77On4cHScNL-nBdzDbKCFNQrLu8ePcX4MIEVEAoV9kvdEKj1tysetibuOGB4VlNC-AEwuwonDDIsDRq1Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c63c96398725cc0d3b0dd839010bf786 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/d39a593ef8763d1e2605148f79670693.jpg?Expires=1782950400&Signature=sGcwoU314hqx6YCmiHnOJ5mbuf0U%7EmomE-1YoxkzQZus%7ErWMTDeHJSag1Vu9Cp-0AVuffXreG%7EECo7-fJWG65kOyfsCoS7Ft650pvsoTOASJKHi3aNBHLxXlKdjHELCm4xfLwCSHLwIuz14dWjDLuDyn%7ELvKzO%7EZaux1zzSTDwgGw7ocFWrBCYSUVQpnSsRuW-QXS6hX7WVojMJGDYnNwGzPoH%7EIhKN9XBiaCG0nXeUlAL8a3UoBKzwHCYpTcZESetornKBOo%7EzRLi0KCdK5505qe85v1tNzJxfvh8m0P5rOSMgLYp3gbvuzkpKnQ-dVBJoMMwQe2qGYWQWw4Lbqog__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f76280985dc298077264d358c2f1fcca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sacramento's Japantown Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Description An account of the resource Sacramento's Japantown was one of the largest in California until it was demolished to make way for the Capital Mall vista in the late 1950s. Sacramento's Japantown originated in the 1890's from Japanese laborers and farmers who worked in the surrounding areas coming into town to buy goods and services from other Japanese as they were often not welcomed in white owned establishments. In 1893 the first grocery store was built. This store, which also provided banking and postal services, was the focal point of the community. Over the years the community grew as more Japanese settled in the area ranging from 2nd and 5th Street to L and M Street. By 1910, Sacramento’s Japantown contained twelve general goods stores, thirty-six restaurants, fifteen billiard parlors, three newspaper publishers, a bank and a movie house. During the 1930's Sacramento's Japantown was a thriving community that would be shattered with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Many Japanese in Sacramento had to give up their homes and businesses and while interned people from other ethnic groups moved into the now empty Japantown. After the war the Japanese community faced anti-Japanese hostility upon returning to Sacramento and some had difficulty finding a place to stay. Eventually the community regained some of its former glory by the 1950's and it looked like Japantown was becoming a thriving center for the Japanese in Sacramento. During this time Japantown moved to the area between L and P Street and Third and Fourth. Unfortunately, in 1954 the City Council and the Sacramento Redevelopment Agency passed the Capitol Mall Redevelopment Plan which would use the power of eminent domain to acquire properties in the area that many considered a slum——the West End in which Japantown was located. Faced with another forced relocation many Japanese spoke out and tried to persuade the Sacramento Redevelopment Agency from going through with the plan. But to no avail. The historic Japantown was demolished between 1956 and 1960 and replaced with the office buildings and apartments that stand today in the Capitol Mall. With the destruction of Sacramento’s Japantown a part of the city’s history was forever lost, as no buildings remain save for the Nissei War Memorial that was constructed in 1956 just prior to the demolition. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tule Lake Internment Camp Subject The topic of the resource The entire Japanese population of Sacramento, Marysville and Yuba City were sent to the Tule Lake Internment Camp in Northern California. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived O'Crotty, Pete, photographer. [Tule Lake segregation center, Newell, California]. , 1943. [May] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/owi2001040722/PP/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) [Japanese-American camp, war emergency evacuation, Tule Lake Relocation Center, Newell, Calif]. California Newell, 1942. or 1943. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa1992001466/PP/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) [Japanese-American camp, war emergency evacuation,Tule Lake Relocation Center, Newell, Calif]. California Newell, 1942. or 1943. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa1992001465/PP/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sacramento's Japantown Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Description An account of the resource Sacramento's Japantown was one of the largest in California until it was demolished to make way for the Capital Mall vista in the late 1950s. Sacramento's Japantown originated in the 1890's from Japanese laborers and farmers who worked in the surrounding areas coming into town to buy goods and services from other Japanese as they were often not welcomed in white owned establishments. In 1893 the first grocery store was built. This store, which also provided banking and postal services, was the focal point of the community. Over the years the community grew as more Japanese settled in the area ranging from 2nd and 5th Street to L and M Street. By 1910, Sacramento’s Japantown contained twelve general goods stores, thirty-six restaurants, fifteen billiard parlors, three newspaper publishers, a bank and a movie house. During the 1930's Sacramento's Japantown was a thriving community that would be shattered with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Many Japanese in Sacramento had to give up their homes and businesses and while interned people from other ethnic groups moved into the now empty Japantown. After the war the Japanese community faced anti-Japanese hostility upon returning to Sacramento and some had difficulty finding a place to stay. Eventually the community regained some of its former glory by the 1950's and it looked like Japantown was becoming a thriving center for the Japanese in Sacramento. During this time Japantown moved to the area between L and P Street and Third and Fourth. Unfortunately, in 1954 the City Council and the Sacramento Redevelopment Agency passed the Capitol Mall Redevelopment Plan which would use the power of eminent domain to acquire properties in the area that many considered a slum——the West End in which Japantown was located. Faced with another forced relocation many Japanese spoke out and tried to persuade the Sacramento Redevelopment Agency from going through with the plan. But to no avail. The historic Japantown was demolished between 1956 and 1960 and replaced with the office buildings and apartments that stand today in the Capitol Mall. With the destruction of Sacramento’s Japantown a part of the city’s history was forever lost, as no buildings remain save for the Nissei War Memorial that was constructed in 1956 just prior to the demolition. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Urban Sacramento 1959: West End Subject The topic of the resource <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tEjik0y1P0s" frameborder="0"></iframe> Description An account of the resource This short film showcases the Redevelopment Project of Sacramento's West End in 1959 which ended with the destruction of the Japantown. Using footage from a KCRA program by Stan Atkinson the documentary was created by Chris Lango and edited by SteveDavisProduction.com and used footage from the Center for Sacramento History. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chris Lango The Center for Sacramento History Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpHEcvfxbWMIzSWthlQJLpA">Chris Lango Youtube Channel </a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.centerforsacramentohistory.org/">The Center for Sacramento History</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sacramento's Japantown Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Description An account of the resource Sacramento's Japantown was one of the largest in California until it was demolished to make way for the Capital Mall vista in the late 1950s. Sacramento's Japantown originated in the 1890's from Japanese laborers and farmers who worked in the surrounding areas coming into town to buy goods and services from other Japanese as they were often not welcomed in white owned establishments. In 1893 the first grocery store was built. This store, which also provided banking and postal services, was the focal point of the community. Over the years the community grew as more Japanese settled in the area ranging from 2nd and 5th Street to L and M Street. By 1910, Sacramento’s Japantown contained twelve general goods stores, thirty-six restaurants, fifteen billiard parlors, three newspaper publishers, a bank and a movie house. During the 1930's Sacramento's Japantown was a thriving community that would be shattered with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Many Japanese in Sacramento had to give up their homes and businesses and while interned people from other ethnic groups moved into the now empty Japantown. After the war the Japanese community faced anti-Japanese hostility upon returning to Sacramento and some had difficulty finding a place to stay. Eventually the community regained some of its former glory by the 1950's and it looked like Japantown was becoming a thriving center for the Japanese in Sacramento. During this time Japantown moved to the area between L and P Street and Third and Fourth. Unfortunately, in 1954 the City Council and the Sacramento Redevelopment Agency passed the Capitol Mall Redevelopment Plan which would use the power of eminent domain to acquire properties in the area that many considered a slum——the West End in which Japantown was located. Faced with another forced relocation many Japanese spoke out and tried to persuade the Sacramento Redevelopment Agency from going through with the plan. But to no avail. The historic Japantown was demolished between 1956 and 1960 and replaced with the office buildings and apartments that stand today in the Capitol Mall. With the destruction of Sacramento’s Japantown a part of the city’s history was forever lost, as no buildings remain save for the Nissei War Memorial that was constructed in 1956 just prior to the demolition. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource California State Library History Section California State University Sacramento Special Collections and Archive Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Replacing the Past - Sacramento's Redevelopment History Subject The topic of the resource <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UEUNt6_oYtI" frameborder="0"></iframe> Description An account of the resource This documentary was created to highlight the Urban Redevelopment Projects of the late 1950s and early 1960s that devastated the West End of Sacramento that included Japantown. Created by Chris Lango in collaboration with The Center for Sacramento History the film shows how hundreds of businesses and families were forced to move out of their neighborhoods and changed the layout of downtown Sacramento. The documentary was shown on KVIE (PBS) on April 20, 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chris Lango The Center for Sacramento History Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://www.centerforsacramentohistory.org/">Chris Lango Youtube Channel<br /><br />The Center for Sacramento History</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Chris Lango The Center for Sacramento History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Brief History of San Jose Japantown Subject The topic of the resource <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GZtDBV3g5hQ" frameborder="0"></iframe> Description An account of the resource This short documentary was created in 1990 by Curt Fukuda and Dr. Tokio Ishikawa for the Japanese American Resource Center in preparation for the Japantown Centennial. Using a slide show of images Dr. Tokio Ishikawa narrates the history of the Japantown. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Fukuda and Dr. Tokio Ishikawa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIZKljxgUOAwSy1xn11lfvA">J-Town Community TV</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose Japantown: A Look into the Past and the Presesnt Subject The topic of the resource <iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/86954391" frameborder="0"></iframe> <p><a href="https://vimeo.com/86954391">San Jose Japantown: A Look into the Past and the Presesnt</a> from <a href="https://vimeo.com/user25183815">Erica Kao</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p> Description An account of the resource San Jose Japantown: A Look into the Past and the Presesnt is a short interview documentary focusing on the history of San Jose's Japanese community. The film was created by Erica Kao to provide awareness of the historical importance of San Jose's Japantown and was shown at the San Jose Buddhist Church, the Japanese American Museum of San Jose, at the Japanese summer school Suzume no Gakko and at Notre Dame San Jose High School. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Erica Kao Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://vimeo.com/user25183815">Erica Kao Vimeo Page</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://vimeo.com/101364531 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose Japantown: A Look Back in Time Subject The topic of the resource <iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/101364531" frameborder="0"></iframe> <p><a href="https://vimeo.com/101364531">San Jose Japantown: A Look Back in Time</a> from <a href="https://vimeo.com/user25183815">Erica Kao</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p> Description An account of the resource San Jose Japantown: A Look Back in Time is a short interview documentary focusing on the history of San Jose's Japanese community. The film was created by Erica Kao to provide awareness of the historical importance of San Jose's Japantown and was shown at the San Jose Buddhist Church, the Japanese American Museum of San Jose, at the Japanese summer school Suzume no Gakko and at Notre Dame San Jose High School. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Erica Kao Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://vimeo.com/user25183815">Erica Kao Vimeo Page</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/4b1b7ac6dbf0b32d1d4ae27f498f9032.jpg?Expires=1782950400&Signature=NeGAMm4pO%7ErJCSUIW6zVHi4UNgI7DXaZGCYmfZ40dQ5hGOV3tzy6zkq4ymyOq-WjwXgoaLcG29aix0lvmbJNcBaAqdvFLfZAyDemGtGDcDndD40ARUZvsw-%7EwvlnoJM3a54rKD%7EnWnhHca7XGZXOlaQ4rEVdKluBKA4kKcdZOMiH8SlYG577Ci-9HVC22yAG1qb%7EgBNDlW4jyA1Yo83cQfZJd7AyuCzp6sScMubq7N1s89b%7EEdxL5c9gBdyBmHrmHK4A04NsE0FkZA1fvW9%7EwM3beXcFPQm52ODt4hOI0iyGZNT8a0JbIxuONsmXxIeNwFPJXSvtQqrse6-07h6faw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7c5decf527a4e8fdd19886b6e0f16df4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Okayama Sushi Subject The topic of the resource Japantown, San Jose, Okayama Sushi, North Sixth Street, 2017 Description An account of the resource The Okayama Sushi Restaurant located at 540 North Sixth Street has been in operation since 1967.