1 10 181 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/90187f06630637a7805525f448417d47.pdf?Expires=1779926400&Signature=QXQtyaZbXGxOB6MSoRKLgS%7EdayCVdX7MEC-wIucYMkJUtyoE265fvfrWPDT5ldRoVwu-RXGTdOiKf1bhdFzQn-aesHc8LkdbJbcnk5VlhnahqewhUWlZ4-hroqkiV8YytStve6FScEDErPTASUIB6mucjY%7ESs-RFwsGEzwQhVI0ksCSNp1CflMU4hh%7EOVk7MUEAjjx4f6o9mTH7sBsUAWwtvl1zFY6XXOXcE8INvEYExyayp%7E88ldlTQOfPvw8AbpAyihxVX8fP13mmxCc-WRYyybnmZvyJcyM4Oajpi7eiQLC5-vXLq%7EnUTNf7rXadV624m8i-lMyxzgbB5oWRtaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 37e85751022e171d738bdfc193045905 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco's Japantown Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco home to one of the largest Japanese communities in America, had the distinction of having multiple Japantowns within the city. The earliest Japantowns initially started sometime in the 1890s and were located south of the Market District and within Chinatown. San Francisco served as the main focal point of entry for Japanese coming to mainland America, and the Japanese community there is the oldest in the continental United States. Many Japanese organizations got their start in the city, such as the Buddhist Church, (he first Pure Land Buddhist Church in America), which was founded in 1898. The Nihonmachi, south of Market was located along the back streets of Jessie and Stevenson and consisted primarily of lodgings, bath houses, and pool halls. The earthquake of 1906 devastated these two earlier Japantowns along with most records on them. The South Park Japantown was made up of businesses appealing to newly arrived Japanese and travelers, as it was strategically located between the Southern Pacific Railroad Station and docks used by various Japanese shipping companies. This neighborhood was a starting point for many Japanese who had just arrived in America and offered lodgings, baths, general good stores, and places to eat. While the South Park Japantown came and went, the Western Addition was rapidly growing as the majority of Japanese moved there after the earthquake. This area had been the home for many years to many middle, and upper-class white families. However, the neighborhood also had a distinct Jewish population, who owned many of the buildings in the area. After the 1906 Earthquake many of the Japanese who relocated to the Western Addition would rent their homes and businesses from Jewish landlords. The Japanese had settled between Sutter Street to the North, Geary to the South, Webster to the West and Octavia to the East. By 1910 there were over fifty Japanese-run businesses, and the neighborhood was home to over four thousand Japanese. As the main port of trade between Japan and the United States, the San Francisco Japantown catered to visitors from Japan as well as from other Japantowns in the country. The Western Addition Japantown like most Japantowns at the time was made up of bachelors and contained many hotels, bathhouses, and gambling dens. However, within a few short years after the arrival of the picture brides there is evidence of changing demographic, as a few midwives appeared in the area to offer their services. As the neighborhood began to be populated with Japanese families, many of the children started to attend the two local schools, the Raphael Weill School and Pacific Heights Elementary. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1942 raids were conducted on all Japantowns up and down the west coast by the F.B.I. and local police. The Japanese population of San Francisco was required to register at either the Kinmon Gakuen School, the Raphael Weill School, or the YMCA on Buchanan Street. Within a few short weeks the entire Japanese community had to prepare to be evacuated and started to make plans for what to do with their homes, businesses, and belongings. A lot of businesses had to sell their inventory at a loss, and some families had to abandon their homes and items. In April of 1942, the Japanese of San Francisco were required to report to the assembly centers, with many going to Tanforan in San Bruno. Tanforan had previously been a race track that had been converted to house the Japanese temporarily until the internment camps were ready. Because Tanforan had been hastily constructed, the assembly center had poor living conditions and many people had to live out of stables for months until they were sent off to the Topaz Internment Camp. In September of 1942, the first groups arrived at Topaz and would spend the remainder of the war in the camp. They had not broken any laws, nor did they have a fair hearing to voice their opposition. Life in the Topaz camp was difficult, as the weather conditions were harsh, but the Japanese Americans persevered and aided the war effort by donating food and supplies. Without the Japanese living in the Japantown, many African Americans came to settle in the unoccupied neighborhood. As the war went on many jobs were filled by minorities who came to San Francisco to work in the city’s factories. Having nowhere else to go since they were not allowed to live in white neighborhoods, many people settled in the uninhabited Japantown. During the war the African American population of the city increased by over 43,000, with many living in the Western Edition section of San Francisco.As the war came to an end the Japanese slowly started to return to San Francisco, where they found their neighborhood had drastically changed. Housing was very problematic as many families had lost their homes and had to relocate elsewhere. The local churches and schools along with the War Relocation Authority and other government agencies helped in assisting the Japanese to return to the city and in providing temporary places for people to stay. Finding work proved difficult for many people, as hostility against them persisted for years after the war and a lot of companies refused to hire any Japanese Americans. Many lost their businesses and were unable to start over again and so took on manual labor jobs. For many years city officials and business interests were looking at ways to clear the Western Addition of what they called “urban blight”. In 1948 a large part of Japantown had been selected for urban redevelopment and with the passage of the National Housing Act of 1949 the city was granted funds and the ability of eminent domain to clear out areas that they determined were overcrowded or run down. The project was divided into two project areas designated A-1, which was the area south of Post Street, and A-2, which consisted of the land north of Post Street. Soon after the city started their plans for redevelopment, many residents’ banded together and held meetings to discuss the dangers of the city’s plans. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) protested the plans for redevelopment and argued that the city incorporate the following ideas into the order: non-segregation and non-discrimination in new dwellings, construction of permanent, low-cost public housing, priority given to people displaced from the area to move into newly built units, priority given to small businessmen and professional people in commercial areas to move into new building projects, and full protection of present property owners in selling, plus equal and full opportunity to participate in construction of new units if financially able to do so. However, these demands were ignored and never implemented, as the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA) started its plans for the A-1 project and began to buy properties in 1956. From 1950 to 1960 the SFRA slowly cleared out a large portion of the Western Addition. Those evicted were unable to negotiate and were not given any aid in relocating. Over 8,000 people were kicked out of their homes, and of the 2,014 new homes built by the SFRA only 686 of them were offered at affordable prices. Because of the lack of affordable housing, many Japanese had to relocate elsewhere. Restrictions against where they could live meant many left the city to live in the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960 the Japanese population of the Western Addition decreased from 5,383 to 3,914. The construction of the Geary Expressway that began in 1961 would act as a divider between the African-American neighborhood and Japantown. During the A-2 phase of redevelopment, over 11,000 homes were torn down to be replaced with only 7,132 units. City and business officials wished to make the Japantown area into a popular tourist destination and invited many high-priced businesses to the neighborhood. The scope of the A-2 project ranged from Bush to Grove Street to Broderick and Van Ness Avenue and encompassed over 270 acres. To counter the protests and outcry from the A-1 project phase, the United Committee for the Japantown Community was formed in 1962, and together with the Nihonmachi Community Development Cooperation were able to save the four blocks between Bush, Sutter, Webster and Laguna streets from being completely demolished. The local community was also permitted to participate in the creation of the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki, an American-born Japanese architect, designed the project while the peace plaza and pagoda were done by Dr. Yoshiro Taniguchi and donated by the people of Osaka, Japan. Work on the center began in 1965 and took three years. When the center opened, it featured such businesses as Hitachi, Nissan, and Mitsubishi as well as the upscale Miyako Hotel, and the Kinokuniya Bookstore. To preserve the aesthetic of the neighborhood, architects Rai Y. Okamoto and Van Bourg/Nakamura were hired by the SFRA to design the Buchanan Mall project which began construction in 1970 and would finish five years later. The project was done to create a cultural landmark for tourists to visit, with fountains, cobble streets, and a large gate signaling the entrance to Japantown. Unfortunately, due to the development of the Japantown Center and Buchanan Mall, the property value of the neighborhood skyrocketed, preventing many previous residents and businesses from staying in the area. As the focus of the neighborhood switched to become a tourist spot, the Japanese community would be further split apart. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco Public Library Permission Form https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/8af2d92c6d67c2bdb1df73b6209c59d4.TIF?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ole1HDfQyvgpCYfnQRJU0Isce-U7fzXHJv8BXuvK3NK%7EaGC2f1z50AhZ5mAwLlqvz7vwiU5lx74QaruthLk1Qp6a6VJH0JBrFjD-DFbwPHG2JlfzjNw4cZO7VTRVJdtK6pP%7Emxz1Y1jdsinoHTAWSHJGqiBPLSSkyRn7mOZ16JKTaNFZl3kZ4-uSpVpj1bS%7EBjV2NhiTDGN4rgzg48YMMwART30YqGX%7ENinvEZniATIfx0AFbdbPDvqzMW%7EWWbESrk8BmMZw%7ED9VleMDSoqZKn4RVgi8DjVjl3-9KwssqC%7EbZwnfYzQ8LHC-lseYPv4cC%7E9IncFZttmnnCVs1CXegA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 398525587f2c496ae51354d2e1b7ebb9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco's Japantown Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco home to one of the largest Japanese communities in America, had the distinction of having multiple Japantowns within the city. The earliest Japantowns initially started sometime in the 1890s and were located south of the Market District and within Chinatown. San Francisco served as the main focal point of entry for Japanese coming to mainland America, and the Japanese community there is the oldest in the continental United States. Many Japanese organizations got their start in the city, such as the Buddhist Church, (he first Pure Land Buddhist Church in America), which was founded in 1898. The Nihonmachi, south of Market was located along the back streets of Jessie and Stevenson and consisted primarily of lodgings, bath houses, and pool halls. The earthquake of 1906 devastated these two earlier Japantowns along with most records on them. The South Park Japantown was made up of businesses appealing to newly arrived Japanese and travelers, as it was strategically located between the Southern Pacific Railroad Station and docks used by various Japanese shipping companies. This neighborhood was a starting point for many Japanese who had just arrived in America and offered lodgings, baths, general good stores, and places to eat. While the South Park Japantown came and went, the Western Addition was rapidly growing as the majority of Japanese moved there after the earthquake. This area had been the home for many years to many middle, and upper-class white families. However, the neighborhood also had a distinct Jewish population, who owned many of the buildings in the area. After the 1906 Earthquake many of the Japanese who relocated to the Western Addition would rent their homes and businesses from Jewish landlords. The Japanese had settled between Sutter Street to the North, Geary to the South, Webster to the West and Octavia to the East. By 1910 there were over fifty Japanese-run businesses, and the neighborhood was home to over four thousand Japanese. As the main port of trade between Japan and the United States, the San Francisco Japantown catered to visitors from Japan as well as from other Japantowns in the country. The Western Addition Japantown like most Japantowns at the time was made up of bachelors and contained many hotels, bathhouses, and gambling dens. However, within a few short years after the arrival of the picture brides there is evidence of changing demographic, as a few midwives appeared in the area to offer their services. As the neighborhood began to be populated with Japanese families, many of the children started to attend the two local schools, the Raphael Weill School and Pacific Heights Elementary. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1942 raids were conducted on all Japantowns up and down the west coast by the F.B.I. and local police. The Japanese population of San Francisco was required to register at either the Kinmon Gakuen School, the Raphael Weill School, or the YMCA on Buchanan Street. Within a few short weeks the entire Japanese community had to prepare to be evacuated and started to make plans for what to do with their homes, businesses, and belongings. A lot of businesses had to sell their inventory at a loss, and some families had to abandon their homes and items. In April of 1942, the Japanese of San Francisco were required to report to the assembly centers, with many going to Tanforan in San Bruno. Tanforan had previously been a race track that had been converted to house the Japanese temporarily until the internment camps were ready. Because Tanforan had been hastily constructed, the assembly center had poor living conditions and many people had to live out of stables for months until they were sent off to the Topaz Internment Camp. In September of 1942, the first groups arrived at Topaz and would spend the remainder of the war in the camp. They had not broken any laws, nor did they have a fair hearing to voice their opposition. Life in the Topaz camp was difficult, as the weather conditions were harsh, but the Japanese Americans persevered and aided the war effort by donating food and supplies. Without the Japanese living in the Japantown, many African Americans came to settle in the unoccupied neighborhood. As the war went on many jobs were filled by minorities who came to San Francisco to work in the city’s factories. Having nowhere else to go since they were not allowed to live in white neighborhoods, many people settled in the uninhabited Japantown. During the war the African American population of the city increased by over 43,000, with many living in the Western Edition section of San Francisco.As the war came to an end the Japanese slowly started to return to San Francisco, where they found their neighborhood had drastically changed. Housing was very problematic as many families had lost their homes and had to relocate elsewhere. The local churches and schools along with the War Relocation Authority and other government agencies helped in assisting the Japanese to return to the city and in providing temporary places for people to stay. Finding work proved difficult for many people, as hostility against them persisted for years after the war and a lot of companies refused to hire any Japanese Americans. Many lost their businesses and were unable to start over again and so took on manual labor jobs. For many years city officials and business interests were looking at ways to clear the Western Addition of what they called “urban blight”. In 1948 a large part of Japantown had been selected for urban redevelopment and with the passage of the National Housing Act of 1949 the city was granted funds and the ability of eminent domain to clear out areas that they determined were overcrowded or run down. The project was divided into two project areas designated A-1, which was the area south of Post Street, and A-2, which consisted of the land north of Post Street. Soon after the city started their plans for redevelopment, many residents’ banded together and held meetings to discuss the dangers of the city’s plans. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) protested the plans for redevelopment and argued that the city incorporate the following ideas into the order: non-segregation and non-discrimination in new dwellings, construction of permanent, low-cost public housing, priority given to people displaced from the area to move into newly built units, priority given to small businessmen and professional people in commercial areas to move into new building projects, and full protection of present property owners in selling, plus equal and full opportunity to participate in construction of new units if financially able to do so. However, these demands were ignored and never implemented, as the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA) started its plans for the A-1 project and began to buy properties in 1956. From 1950 to 1960 the SFRA slowly cleared out a large portion of the Western Addition. Those evicted were unable to negotiate and were not given any aid in relocating. Over 8,000 people were kicked out of their homes, and of the 2,014 new homes built by the SFRA only 686 of them were offered at affordable prices. Because of the lack of affordable housing, many Japanese had to relocate elsewhere. Restrictions against where they could live meant many left the city to live in the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960 the Japanese population of the Western Addition decreased from 5,383 to 3,914. The construction of the Geary Expressway that began in 1961 would act as a divider between the African-American neighborhood and Japantown. During the A-2 phase of redevelopment, over 11,000 homes were torn down to be replaced with only 7,132 units. City and business officials wished to make the Japantown area into a popular tourist destination and invited many high-priced businesses to the neighborhood. The scope of the A-2 project ranged from Bush to Grove Street to Broderick and Van Ness Avenue and encompassed over 270 acres. To counter the protests and outcry from the A-1 project phase, the United Committee for the Japantown Community was formed in 1962, and together with the Nihonmachi Community Development Cooperation were able to save the four blocks between Bush, Sutter, Webster and Laguna streets from being completely demolished. The local community was also permitted to participate in the creation of the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki, an American-born Japanese architect, designed the project while the peace plaza and pagoda were done by Dr. Yoshiro Taniguchi and donated by the people of Osaka, Japan. Work on the center began in 1965 and took three years. When the center opened, it featured such businesses as Hitachi, Nissan, and Mitsubishi as well as the upscale Miyako Hotel, and the Kinokuniya Bookstore. To preserve the aesthetic of the neighborhood, architects Rai Y. Okamoto and Van Bourg/Nakamura were hired by the SFRA to design the Buchanan Mall project which began construction in 1970 and would finish five years later. The project was done to create a cultural landmark for tourists to visit, with fountains, cobble streets, and a large gate signaling the entrance to Japantown. Unfortunately, due to the development of the Japantown Center and Buchanan Mall, the property value of the neighborhood skyrocketed, preventing many previous residents and businesses from staying in the area. As the focus of the neighborhood switched to become a tourist spot, the Japanese community would be further split apart. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dave Tatsuno and his father Shojiro, merchants of Japanese ancestry in San Francisco prior to evacuation Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco, Japantown, 1940s, Nichi Bei Bussan, Dave Tatsuno, Shojiro Tatsuno, Internment Description An account of the resource Shojiro Tatsuno on the left founded the original Nichi Bei Bussan in 1902 and ran the store for over 40 years before passing it on to his son Masateru after the internment. Dave Tatsuno on the right would go on to open the second Nichi Bei Bussan in San Jose. This photo was taken during the family's Evacuation Sale right before having to leave for the internment camps. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of the Interior. War Relocation Authority. 2/16/1944-6/30/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived National Archives: <br /><br /><a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/537769">https://catalog.archives.gov/id/537769</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/4/1942 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Lange, Dorothea, 1895-1965, Photographer https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/b719ec42cc47aba6d9a6d8134214f210.png?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ctFutFZXZL2t4tlNpszLhQen4cahgjlAxbUvDcTVaIbo6XYS0Fd4RU64oBXeLuwSmokREwTyGJ9PH00xKm8L5leZzA9dpTG9jGJZN-Nar77AfM9EVDJm62wciV2kxQJg1mgzI7sqcp4tfX4GhnbE4FV3P%7Eedqbb02HQaYEmBP9MERbuDv09arJQlSd1aaGbu8tNCcVMLTWOBzLSU28rw-zhwY1f862KI7r-sMeTDyfH73Ve%7EuFq1k-U0EXuCDhsX1QYRdn2IyOQfp7gGkbKFtW4nQJIvcCRyU7EpWMOkprGTJc6f2ZI1JR-el9mbhzcFgG-EWmkFU6xkvDNslFe1YQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d94791e438bc889aecd99e9419be02f6 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose Japanese American Museum Form https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/5441c606d1d34ca028663210ac6f0c84.png?Expires=1779926400&Signature=gL7Csr3ixnBcmgrZAnhnA3awSa2i-1d5TTfKkzVCUT7rnIdV6QD9OIogR0MD4IqOVo5iyW5Tno3ERMvshjvfvd8epwtYXGmJPhrbk7wwD5TPISVa0So2JLhbnUAcrI1WlR7sUZz0z%7EsZ2e5Hyi8of7otZxVxt9OEhdaEm8q8lzo4%7EfNlefneTGyrR1ODvrKlcH0AOMkxsLMbN8H8CupVtpdvpmmqV5LDpbZjsbo6aPxbnBvUWqH0K4jHTpBF51vRnFaMSxFJgPEtrFRoC-UvCE26NB5hj0gG2Je8vf13LtfnqcnQeto6CF5hUbRWJXFWJLcUpLKE1emaQE5TrOyjMw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 857cdaa8cc9b9154260a50aa85293b57 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco Public Library Form https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/ec590addf9a7dd8e4a49541cf9271b2e.png?Expires=1779926400&Signature=IC6nz%7Ecv6t9Ig6kpjkzHtXPNGb2MZPWI01XK-zOOGfjJwacN7quB0MvjZVCYvxlLdWWQBvX5AepzXh9qfgxx1b0qD0hPOQlqqDKJRhmsHGrSWl0lUH1KAf%7ELKRTdUG6eNn-RsErnzTU7ZUdVu9yUUOJ8vZZCOM5FCq%7EAwk-33nKnquT1B%7EfHTIUUbnKZFhsOd5TretUK29VD4hyVOnl2zgzV%7EHeVSM917EVyhenoyXnYMD1T1vpOmfyzL4M2hk9o9KvP9xVPyy3%7EOzLNEw5e8yi-nO5SAz7lPZ3bzS0JMwuu8zVUyXxP7STpLohPzopjwCLmmacBNewK7YetNE6T3g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2b55651e13e75c2cb4c74afc336dae91 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/2b2790c61e5849e54add216ee3c6cc25.png?Expires=1779926400&Signature=eugqUXZ4H0c3%7E0JiZMdkWLORj7C%7EbWdCPcZbWAijqiGZLS1cgldoM2lYAHJRRk3gtFfmk01BkRdPMvFJTc7srfksjgS2DwZL%7EwIaDgO0-kMS6f6Igf-hARHf-x3B3Am8rW66%7EGqErMwtXVtknPkNfR-j1-rbJhlqaFErJc71uj0sOOl%7EIpBUJ9nepZ7nlw4XHvYwSpYswjlSpvj6AzO2sCmQdYedIvTE233EMtXVKR3LJcgcHBr%7EMgmU12qBA--gCzRYPTu02f32-wL9XMyEnJ8Z2Wdxk2IeVtZmYm-J3LM6eWh8zW5D7KBfgn%7EkdsWjNk79NiAt-sGyo92cEympHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 71cee8c470bbb65616feaf401ca502a2 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource California State Library Forms https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/a4c4406752be26ff2a42869e561939b8.png?Expires=1779926400&Signature=QmDxkuoZwRjTt8YlXgoS%7Exnd0o52QrWew%7EMb09N2OXokPjSS6rpl4YjP1dArocf0-%7ER3-47CHLIWB9fPlqhZ47uXPuhhlikhg0cSc5FJmEjJNvZ%7E5J4qffPEjHC7oKSOaFX92kcJ1CIS9zNWLNGbgKDsqHNiodYo1fJpqK8i703oPVJmZQiMaCLaGimD3e90P0MprEm3Ag80oLqzGitMKy9XpnLaSv6dPLEqsGjo13GdJ3Qtk%7EN3rLyzyIfDPdZZ50l9y5fujgySGRuRyFMN3k5w%7E%7EGQw8kBeYtJ4Ey7Hv-yW-BDMoEarGKkpmV%7Eq-sWfZbKXrpYOBgL7irL%7E6S2vQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6680c7cea6667211933b35074363ac7c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CSUS Invoice https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/99c2206d39f406d537fd556e653cc9fd.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=iCcrLP2G0BolPvPMNq6rCtfV859thZAXzi0s9i2dHDexWYqakYcWUFrWkzCdB2L2lvASAdOnUKd5YjQeGKTlhg%7EaRQCy4iI5oYezVXDu8GoGPijkznIih5Ehqt9ZJCnJJjNQ8TBbOQ3iT8ri7h4wDlMHKXs1QFgHpP3sJWu4jYIL6rLGjWvW%7EHKPhqip%7E6JtDkRQvBGR0RLWZr1nGhSWHg3Z0dReYvjalcBXW53A7qKxvYnT5T-ziimzCJE4uMJuqsNFTlsfbhngIzep8ZK90uu6rL67zEqAF471BdrmQ0aa7DiHNBEzA%7Elab-OkYDVKtduYIRFiy343yV5AXrVIrg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 37f78b253f1f4d95fb9027b78dfd8263 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/26ceeb70630dacb7420c37da91e70e6a.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=PKo6pnDZv8hd2-y9YO%7Eluj-LnOrs50gP4kY2j70CfjLTWoL1pHBiQyWUG8vCUActabFiQos2MSBcVSmCYi0EkY5t0EHkIyQMeezGwviGoAdURVb8-yicd0dSBb7ERQyuX1WNpP%7E31BAxcQ-0rYhqGCtW1L8e1j1q0TX-Db8nIdyLuIXGzPm3vorIeyKajfG4B6D0254c%7EVVV34hrtpGmfk5PJgYZ992nts8BH9dhtxPvOc2Mogyr3xpDGtvASUs3joGNC0OYU4KQj3Si9IyzJj0RkJEZsFd4bZRiBl-Dce314HJlFIe-sWCw1Fy7LrGRk2xgURfNnj4RAv-oyiW8wg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4b5070bcdcd2c7dc9c20e1e0e9d00880 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/27a3aed469872063ef6f3690bcab04ce.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=cNndpdqeMR2yZSi4VRSQjcgI2RBRY9RML0LM1o36nNAm0mw2s5SJHpxuBIuozmjDM3ApjIFjuIA5xbHuxLA11xM9bwT3AWBnVPweI9N5rj43nzM2E-4gXu8wD-S3Y8HJm7Bg8NH1dgbShtlOIYemCvxKyeSIl%7EOJCzDFjAMIdJsnO31XBuAr8%7EcsRoK1iXmy6dZ5qhYdXvpKu4JW7Q4BX1aIThbYjqih05c6Tc1PBB9Aq-BUXi4xGjpnx%7E3bJ0jCSgKP1ushDcWMOiBJF8XWUZ9-D3utspcG8A7TlHLkPGL5m7%7EH7KmAX22AXZA-C5vQcMbULHpiAri07ufmlP7bLQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9188e0806fda2c5452e63704b5c75a31 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/fc764a542191cff5d1c1072fb6686325.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ANIyZygIDZNH%7EsoXr1VHy3GkIM7I%7EHkewluppgWGokXPNfN7SFEASC1KSGnXu%7EMMjyy676X6tau92fvtmle39AZcRn6ZLOzM9Jn-353L8%7EB7meO7paWpFTHhg8QHcSrbZV9ROutAAYGJ2VN1x1HnR1POwxjhN6cxNAWqMH74XdD1G0NuC%7EeVd7Ty62AdaBLVRMzCrvsbVpR8hZzLlys7thQOYNX-vkDsJ8DwFAeDHVq2WljFFD1vD3ODnSns7JT%7E5zk0rZgDSRfi6Cn9DLdyxnXLRNTxbiMz-a2ZOG72Fnb0SNLwwJ7ut5dc1r1s180I2EIgD9T3SBvWUEuj8OSn1w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ca451a429dbddb3d747ff7c353423475 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/4317d0fd6e4965fab664f6f9df79fb39.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=bb12S3r5MirkRufL6D6z5rZHTlnCIuMq89Qc80WxWiygtQvvVWeN6e4-63kItMhyEH6afa53cOw2xfCJTQNyLBb3YQBCXyhXYUaEaC1aNYAa61XksaWptrVD4fChPASa-WD-T9BM5Pt9CahAQG%7EaZHD0bv57m7w9Pr6eUH8VCLC9pcL1cDM0wEK5ye3JkKpQ-tcfOI8t-DtgaxcewZ71T3nR1xUeLgSShmbo-Y2LIsLKKboHKlOpTsct1VqoJ2L56zYh3fIWmfVs9I6bGkYsY3F2tPSxW6EI7Hdna%7EZiy-9-CckGbNBtmgpAv%7EDqoyuTTyePlUlQweWTP%7E5dqNDJVw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 49073799ea9810924982aff0d90dff37 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/dd3e0639211401ef69b74a90a8811b19.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=vYIhFLvk12q-1jIly8tm6YrgtUgZ8uvWKO17HCWilb9kxZgz5FC53D4Wb%7EPnTZqx5WIzXXFaFgZvnCh9hhxmBSBwkow9aD-I9wTtTRIPX3hNx7JFXhVS7VGTsRmYA6VLsHLe5ET6AxnJ4tPkypq1o62BAGiGUjvWDh3oDU6KnjkAss1ZaqrekaFySZIdAKpg4as5zXJyqwXO9mq5kQ4RHWcciNiV94kT%7Elkrk8%7ERhpyu%7EtmRXjJUnX5mz54YDhQogkZsvQqFHH6NhAX-D2UCgo9fVaTiTAB-z4xz7dPKJw0k7E6FbbryM8qIXgemEB9n98MYI27IJpFVLsxLy8gVVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 41a763fe0c9d577fcfa708d4be1e8f80 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/a7607d1c806ef2a669e54094b60ad8a4.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=uUMcdHcxNER1UXAkqUpzxBayZCI6Ha2w-XmxG2tbWHGvVdDuq8jjKG-byOs93WIq7nCsj%7EgiU1zQ9jdnDz3Ml7q8x7xnRt10NbvYiyq3bTFAqxuzdt%7EQW3fxWsBe9DBGWm-i%7EtDXPK6AHHr6QmtP7mEoAbzQrRVO3LtCgySJpRUxLQ-%7E%7ES7J7l-ujAjaSRR5L7nlo8jg-POcUbrMtjk0tFeYmytH4lE9BdhUsfGtOSSQGn%7E%7Eey-NAGAZuoFi%7EedeqN30PH7Nkt8Oo4XmBvrwkO9EOj5rvYPqQ2Unr86RYT5m03qvBctZY7PckUXV1wOsaB%7EIUEIO-61M7jlR%7EuG5ug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bd335c201dde06f321ebd9e9cc081557 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/3b15c7e63c71203bdea351c6bb2adfdb.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=AwukO13t8s9lbWQakzMi-9sQ7mSouktPg0VG7JIbFOBhU4copCJj0YEyIFQfoKayQ-Rf03JY8MdgU-Pv5vaYCZVO4GNfcAaenOt94Cg5RX1ry4A9dD3Sk53WIgkcUkrjM1gv1DnmuVMsHoI-o1qH%7Eo44mCvleLnmOlGpozBAp71FQBDkEBjQH9GX7JhS4PeMTR4d%7EAoSlITqdDWkA%7E6m9qJyCOrq8LMoiJFMxpkyPOX6kboy70NZvbYc2kI0pn6RA3N8f8fM6wqpzSyf3WxZ20j%7EQqh7AysqKBbf792bu9lS%7El69naf2vC4X21JNUsbQ4XX-uTe5HB4sqfX%7E6zwRDw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 15edc30d009f570b4b16244ba6a685fa https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/20e73020588dddec2f9c394841b726d2.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=MMDK3qa80Ir645%7EoEg39Z10egO2gDwDZV14Ehwv%7EIZARWLBR3oVb7QgUo3MMv37KdYbqs9GSoOD4TCXO0qaSzMgZBQkiLhYs-pnaLm8oLB4m8stpt70RFL-lh1gxjnbYUO5x7YhNsaYUw9u7gws3n08%7EYWP7bAgiQSCV2tmX0Yhsvb4a-aeXDchmRAHHjUaNs2EiEIOy-VfH2DIQNUbeq0PspbT10kaaF9y4ejbPOzaC6BwDQ4mN7q8Fj0sew1rUc6DWeLrmhL7sycKUcw1x4xKMMmHkHO6gtfj4ox0WckNgb4guL0fl-RS5V8uBLZ2x5FBW59%7EYnHRhrIq8n%7Ef8uA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM de4969e89976f5f8d049fbff003a6dcd https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/8318a84550ef5a22535877d809556e61.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=YiTidhP7S3T5ppXbj3VO1oAWyOKF85X5j2D4e6rvqUCJLJMF26qrnPIcYsCklf00ZDhxRVq9DQ5qmbCWnNq7oPHEIW5oGaCO9MWsLVA7Lpml0w6s7Cf5OTk5up3mz9o2FL5ezRSQ1noomfUXp370ESRa2GHDPqKfUo6ZkabBIBIpXv6ctcdvu4eL%7EbGZ7F4VpRKxAuY3ACj9YaMnAw0AYbPOF27iiNa3Ae1hM9WaFPlLrqOUiUmeVmGcz3DZDwWHpCPm9u2NXokAMOEKdCVjaapAVmZpfvjDwzeVG1Ewza%7ElKfOEmCtEq9Znvm0OSGemfSaSGNcCgK4LjWyW4NZEaA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM da76c95e1f52959778c2d23749cca603 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/c900cf046ed80685d14208ae67dbb2b7.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=d%7E3v7oozppaqCXni8y8ntJ8Aje4SCcj5KwlUEHEGHHmv3qUIGKDpAPZaYaQ2RWKvXPncx6ldJthCea0GOQ2quj-CjG6bLmVRi6GelTabyeFE%7EWBnyL0RTuHaWNCpyvWSKIFZ-67KUbgcn%7ErKy5DOJgObESb-ckph%7EqaQHfaF4sEkOI0CO-RDP1fYboQLcnd8GuKP055o9L4fVCSATIgqzRVxJYrMBzb9YjKCXKgqvfNd%7E5El8s86RkBkz9eFock8V4iOAxcqdQQwKvp9mU98%7EBRQCJIbsksthzD8Lejy3kxkLlTvRVhH-JMa1Xu3uyk3wNcf1gA7BVJNYWmK0CcxAw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 648fbb35687f3a2135dd0ec89428bc09 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/9c4c92b6a55e91a05dabd7617210c1eb.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=QhYXNm9mx%7EwjEQmMq29vsB4JlkYS8y1jD89Et8kTjZ6pXNJXxpoH7BBn5pzYA607mA3W4u69HzIjjiIbpWAOYAIMZKOk2c9dlLw%7EAUtfvp-8oPPVP-YxXW0fhkIQKMqzdPGHZC6HcSBzwkR6cPr%7EtBzJpA01wn-ZNWCQucWgBAqJgG1Pfku9v3bjvoN0jrcHLGNczDHhxu0VKc1S9vihs5Siq11ua6dG3ZGgNPC3KO7m3eCvG-qpHItXS1gMDQUopsnimrUGJUU6i6iGiW%7EKcHULRYEVw83RP8n-mFweiQb0AtI5QrYMkrFc8Kwt6UfA71s-oI7w6GvmaN2IrIWQAQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bb55fef75dc729155625b676f7e1f00b https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/a6ccb26d096198249df27685e6496db4.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=lg5Tgxb9UdsZUn37nWC16t%7EcEVLnVbRwi6INqdnxLR5M8D9b6yhLUDImGtiHuYc5uQ1aJlRA4TvK3wT3Go27EyXk9XmC1dnZluUuTl5oTlQtS3rMw-6gWOMbu64JChGNctFcloDLji8qLj1m8vk0X1BmchemQlf4jHUWocTBV0xESbf1b2QJW-wx2xRpVj%7EUrsAVUmiMRZVV%7EA3ex9XFyEqHBp4IKPACw-1tdL2tVvLFprT0LKUVsncQcOJ2rvYC3ErbfpGA7PIKl8GC-ueCH7eaf2r0izbsDsMzNpOUw2pBGFPAxE6HrpVdCtFhUjhZVAHVqrk9A3chTofwu657Lw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e90f53eb13fec9514f2835e669689c22 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/b5e6ad7505a7d3ef60bbfad9f21917c6.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=GxxP1OLg5IkiE-CY3LrezTxDGP6AMYR3Gp76nxk2NnRIGZ9cXTSkP25nmD5o62Kv9kJqpIu6Y-XCdhSSONE7P8F7ErM9c0eTkzsijJeRe90jwVniB039DspDJBMhMEKa4feMNIL8NRj8%7EPo2C8j9oy2YoGJ6zu4T24FGEkgBR52%7EZbnEVMrfxi7jV02ufHm5ndYoT4wbmBnC4pY0o5GzT142BQGnED5uMhe7Bih5%7Ea1%7EnIJYS0vX5YfYKwjwADcrZFjz9UY%7ErsUv8eqKZMPvS%7EjVNE-6K%7EBBzp0G7QqutBTJuqX0ByuXgcWniZkeZxm-Vxc5CHWtGaYCKhSVM%7ECnRQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3934c0a3f456d359956fa87eb3cf5917 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/120fcdcb862354a6efd30365f92c35de.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=io-vmLHIePJn9ONW8ZcUUPeBVk7YhgthQh2EG6na%7EGb3BO%7EDjJzNaeZIWtL-wZOINCkltqYvZ7UMNriqrBb7Lux6TMCGaCqv9LP9e%7EHVoD9-P%7EDKJvMixDVUHItgEc-pY3xr7hyO5s2Fmg6XR6yybG6bb8yhGeFuf4nUpk4twUksR9sIjyDjc-K5GYndag8IdV37spLIydYEZZXMnrjdzK1lIKUK1VFj11-GpMkHxEpF0aePonEO84zVnj-EBmNaCCRr1yRcwd9Y9b-4w%7EEyTCWpf5IEbAwDYBTZ17t7oszJmzaSTsOvPsFU4uufjTcdxijHRfMYQp-pCp-AhOWF0w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f50e6477bfbc2d8c4361b39c4f75e9c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Jose's Japantown Description An account of the resource San Jose's Japantown emerged alongside the Chinatown that had been in the area called Heinlenville since 1887 after the original Chinatown had burnt down. Japanese had started arriving in the area in larger numbers after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from coming to America. Previously many Chinese had worked in agriculture at one of the many orchards and farms in the Santa Clara Valley, but as the Exclusion Act reduced the number of Chinese workers available the Japanese started to take their place. With the influx of Japanese into the area many businesses were started to cater to the needs of the community which was mainly comprised of bachelors. The early form of Japantown was largely made up of gambling dens, pool halls. bathhouses, general goods stores, lodgings, and brothels. By the turn of the century the area had over 200 Japanese living there not counting those who were migrant workers. After the 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco had devastated the Japantown there many Japanese moved to San Jose which did not suffer as much damage as San Francisco to restart their lives. However, due to the earthquake in San Francisco tensions rose between different groups in the city and Japanese students were forced to attend the Oriental school with Chinese students. Many Japanese were outraged and pressured the Japanese government to intervene. In 1907 the two countries reached an agreement where Japan would not issue out passports to Japanese who wanted to work in America and the United States would allow the Japanese students to attend any school that the wanted. The Gentlemen's Agreement as it was called reduced the number of Japanese laborers but led to an increase of women coming in their place who would be called the picture brides. Many Japanese men who came to American and wanted to settle down would write back to their families in Japan sending a picture of themselves and ask for them to arrange a marriage. Once a suitable wife was found she would be married to her husband by proxy in Japan and then be issued a passport that allowed her to come over to America to live with her new husband. The arrival of the picture brides changed the makeup of Japantown as it switched from a haven for bachelors to one that was more suitable for families. In 1908 the Japanese Association of San Jose was created to help the local community and those new to the area. Over the next few years Japantown grew exponentially as many more businesses were setup to appeal to the changing demographic of the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Japanese American Museum of San Jose San Jose State University Library Special Collections & Archives Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japantown Business Association Curt Fukuda History San Jose Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nichi Bei Bussan Subject The topic of the resource Nichi Bei Bussan Bei, San Jose, Japantown, Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 24, 2017 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/ec36823d975d65f30c340b9c45d187f2.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=LnH9U32IbVpQFfaealERWkQLT5hYUz4m7DGM%7EfnEcXQCZbFQwFuoLa9rQAk6I1CgK90-CF15-GHoa829Ya5YwH7KWOYhKtftbnqDzC1WRb%7ExUo2FVihab3mwmn3lwcPYjwUcSZzfS9vOpLY%7Ee-bkk1C3vKqCftGKLwZt8G6X755oXgNqvL2zMk%7EardrUb8%7ERhWqbVCJ6DG7Rj9twflvR7VcrpicfT56t3gHJvOo27lw22YUCf6TlFN7syqxaehny1WUY2C4k8zBwQfAlHy6aHC8RaeVmXXXmcAy6XiKwjsbaEeeqJ1mETk9n1qldLtIjUVuTG3Kg69YWZNcELC4NnQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8dc63cda2679833644252a534ef69fa9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco's Japantown Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco home to one of the largest Japanese communities in America, had the distinction of having multiple Japantowns within the city. The earliest Japantowns initially started sometime in the 1890s and were located south of the Market District and within Chinatown. San Francisco served as the main focal point of entry for Japanese coming to mainland America, and the Japanese community there is the oldest in the continental United States. Many Japanese organizations got their start in the city, such as the Buddhist Church, (he first Pure Land Buddhist Church in America), which was founded in 1898. The Nihonmachi, south of Market was located along the back streets of Jessie and Stevenson and consisted primarily of lodgings, bath houses, and pool halls. The earthquake of 1906 devastated these two earlier Japantowns along with most records on them. The South Park Japantown was made up of businesses appealing to newly arrived Japanese and travelers, as it was strategically located between the Southern Pacific Railroad Station and docks used by various Japanese shipping companies. This neighborhood was a starting point for many Japanese who had just arrived in America and offered lodgings, baths, general good stores, and places to eat. While the South Park Japantown came and went, the Western Addition was rapidly growing as the majority of Japanese moved there after the earthquake. This area had been the home for many years to many middle, and upper-class white families. However, the neighborhood also had a distinct Jewish population, who owned many of the buildings in the area. After the 1906 Earthquake many of the Japanese who relocated to the Western Addition would rent their homes and businesses from Jewish landlords. The Japanese had settled between Sutter Street to the North, Geary to the South, Webster to the West and Octavia to the East. By 1910 there were over fifty Japanese-run businesses, and the neighborhood was home to over four thousand Japanese. As the main port of trade between Japan and the United States, the San Francisco Japantown catered to visitors from Japan as well as from other Japantowns in the country. The Western Addition Japantown like most Japantowns at the time was made up of bachelors and contained many hotels, bathhouses, and gambling dens. However, within a few short years after the arrival of the picture brides there is evidence of changing demographic, as a few midwives appeared in the area to offer their services. As the neighborhood began to be populated with Japanese families, many of the children started to attend the two local schools, the Raphael Weill School and Pacific Heights Elementary. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1942 raids were conducted on all Japantowns up and down the west coast by the F.B.I. and local police. The Japanese population of San Francisco was required to register at either the Kinmon Gakuen School, the Raphael Weill School, or the YMCA on Buchanan Street. Within a few short weeks the entire Japanese community had to prepare to be evacuated and started to make plans for what to do with their homes, businesses, and belongings. A lot of businesses had to sell their inventory at a loss, and some families had to abandon their homes and items. In April of 1942, the Japanese of San Francisco were required to report to the assembly centers, with many going to Tanforan in San Bruno. Tanforan had previously been a race track that had been converted to house the Japanese temporarily until the internment camps were ready. Because Tanforan had been hastily constructed, the assembly center had poor living conditions and many people had to live out of stables for months until they were sent off to the Topaz Internment Camp. In September of 1942, the first groups arrived at Topaz and would spend the remainder of the war in the camp. They had not broken any laws, nor did they have a fair hearing to voice their opposition. Life in the Topaz camp was difficult, as the weather conditions were harsh, but the Japanese Americans persevered and aided the war effort by donating food and supplies. Without the Japanese living in the Japantown, many African Americans came to settle in the unoccupied neighborhood. As the war went on many jobs were filled by minorities who came to San Francisco to work in the city’s factories. Having nowhere else to go since they were not allowed to live in white neighborhoods, many people settled in the uninhabited Japantown. During the war the African American population of the city increased by over 43,000, with many living in the Western Edition section of San Francisco.As the war came to an end the Japanese slowly started to return to San Francisco, where they found their neighborhood had drastically changed. Housing was very problematic as many families had lost their homes and had to relocate elsewhere. The local churches and schools along with the War Relocation Authority and other government agencies helped in assisting the Japanese to return to the city and in providing temporary places for people to stay. Finding work proved difficult for many people, as hostility against them persisted for years after the war and a lot of companies refused to hire any Japanese Americans. Many lost their businesses and were unable to start over again and so took on manual labor jobs. For many years city officials and business interests were looking at ways to clear the Western Addition of what they called “urban blight”. In 1948 a large part of Japantown had been selected for urban redevelopment and with the passage of the National Housing Act of 1949 the city was granted funds and the ability of eminent domain to clear out areas that they determined were overcrowded or run down. The project was divided into two project areas designated A-1, which was the area south of Post Street, and A-2, which consisted of the land north of Post Street. Soon after the city started their plans for redevelopment, many residents’ banded together and held meetings to discuss the dangers of the city’s plans. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) protested the plans for redevelopment and argued that the city incorporate the following ideas into the order: non-segregation and non-discrimination in new dwellings, construction of permanent, low-cost public housing, priority given to people displaced from the area to move into newly built units, priority given to small businessmen and professional people in commercial areas to move into new building projects, and full protection of present property owners in selling, plus equal and full opportunity to participate in construction of new units if financially able to do so. However, these demands were ignored and never implemented, as the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA) started its plans for the A-1 project and began to buy properties in 1956. From 1950 to 1960 the SFRA slowly cleared out a large portion of the Western Addition. Those evicted were unable to negotiate and were not given any aid in relocating. Over 8,000 people were kicked out of their homes, and of the 2,014 new homes built by the SFRA only 686 of them were offered at affordable prices. Because of the lack of affordable housing, many Japanese had to relocate elsewhere. Restrictions against where they could live meant many left the city to live in the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960 the Japanese population of the Western Addition decreased from 5,383 to 3,914. The construction of the Geary Expressway that began in 1961 would act as a divider between the African-American neighborhood and Japantown. During the A-2 phase of redevelopment, over 11,000 homes were torn down to be replaced with only 7,132 units. City and business officials wished to make the Japantown area into a popular tourist destination and invited many high-priced businesses to the neighborhood. The scope of the A-2 project ranged from Bush to Grove Street to Broderick and Van Ness Avenue and encompassed over 270 acres. To counter the protests and outcry from the A-1 project phase, the United Committee for the Japantown Community was formed in 1962, and together with the Nihonmachi Community Development Cooperation were able to save the four blocks between Bush, Sutter, Webster and Laguna streets from being completely demolished. The local community was also permitted to participate in the creation of the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki, an American-born Japanese architect, designed the project while the peace plaza and pagoda were done by Dr. Yoshiro Taniguchi and donated by the people of Osaka, Japan. Work on the center began in 1965 and took three years. When the center opened, it featured such businesses as Hitachi, Nissan, and Mitsubishi as well as the upscale Miyako Hotel, and the Kinokuniya Bookstore. To preserve the aesthetic of the neighborhood, architects Rai Y. Okamoto and Van Bourg/Nakamura were hired by the SFRA to design the Buchanan Mall project which began construction in 1970 and would finish five years later. The project was done to create a cultural landmark for tourists to visit, with fountains, cobble streets, and a large gate signaling the entrance to Japantown. Unfortunately, due to the development of the Japantown Center and Buchanan Mall, the property value of the neighborhood skyrocketed, preventing many previous residents and businesses from staying in the area. As the focus of the neighborhood switched to become a tourist spot, the Japanese community would be further split apart. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Japanese Restaurant on the morning of December 8, 1941 Subject The topic of the resource Japantown was eerily quite on the morning after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Collier, John, photographer. Japanese restaurant, Monday morning, December 8, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. San Francisco, California. California San Francisco San Francisco County, 1941. Dec. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,<a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa2000052870/PP/" title="https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa2000052870/PP/">https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa2000052870/PP/ </a>(Accessed January 24, 2018.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 8, 1941 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/66dc9ebbdba3c3c83924a8e3bee53c79.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=I2inH0BRUpdUKP2N3fgRhKJyVJTISGtjIlRF%7EsZQNdsiOuq7jT9fgZN60FfOmkTLuefo3y-9vAifJSeIMXizDMne3hprwkbhscJUQzb1ljYhzeXUxuttCMMhbNii2vdHqyqUJcXY5gWgO6TNcibtiu0Sb0WKLHlJ1j-2ZLkiEzSSlHVfMgV4f-qJn89Kx6ahQAVtgAtRWyIhsEqFpAf3n3kcZW42a99o-d1zs0i%7EoQ0oKsPNyTKr%7Ekh1r4O-POdQcIC-uAXyAo1IA0TkUXpSlWLR9guMz8YYgMIKfRZe%7ERozptLSfM159w%7EUIlPFy-z0O0PVUyBGntiqulktLzgGlw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 55950a35ca7c7f5c2c62b91d6c27cfba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco's Japantown Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco home to one of the largest Japanese communities in America, had the distinction of having multiple Japantowns within the city. The earliest Japantowns initially started sometime in the 1890s and were located south of the Market District and within Chinatown. San Francisco served as the main focal point of entry for Japanese coming to mainland America, and the Japanese community there is the oldest in the continental United States. Many Japanese organizations got their start in the city, such as the Buddhist Church, (he first Pure Land Buddhist Church in America), which was founded in 1898. The Nihonmachi, south of Market was located along the back streets of Jessie and Stevenson and consisted primarily of lodgings, bath houses, and pool halls. The earthquake of 1906 devastated these two earlier Japantowns along with most records on them. The South Park Japantown was made up of businesses appealing to newly arrived Japanese and travelers, as it was strategically located between the Southern Pacific Railroad Station and docks used by various Japanese shipping companies. This neighborhood was a starting point for many Japanese who had just arrived in America and offered lodgings, baths, general good stores, and places to eat. While the South Park Japantown came and went, the Western Addition was rapidly growing as the majority of Japanese moved there after the earthquake. This area had been the home for many years to many middle, and upper-class white families. However, the neighborhood also had a distinct Jewish population, who owned many of the buildings in the area. After the 1906 Earthquake many of the Japanese who relocated to the Western Addition would rent their homes and businesses from Jewish landlords. The Japanese had settled between Sutter Street to the North, Geary to the South, Webster to the West and Octavia to the East. By 1910 there were over fifty Japanese-run businesses, and the neighborhood was home to over four thousand Japanese. As the main port of trade between Japan and the United States, the San Francisco Japantown catered to visitors from Japan as well as from other Japantowns in the country. The Western Addition Japantown like most Japantowns at the time was made up of bachelors and contained many hotels, bathhouses, and gambling dens. However, within a few short years after the arrival of the picture brides there is evidence of changing demographic, as a few midwives appeared in the area to offer their services. As the neighborhood began to be populated with Japanese families, many of the children started to attend the two local schools, the Raphael Weill School and Pacific Heights Elementary. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1942 raids were conducted on all Japantowns up and down the west coast by the F.B.I. and local police. The Japanese population of San Francisco was required to register at either the Kinmon Gakuen School, the Raphael Weill School, or the YMCA on Buchanan Street. Within a few short weeks the entire Japanese community had to prepare to be evacuated and started to make plans for what to do with their homes, businesses, and belongings. A lot of businesses had to sell their inventory at a loss, and some families had to abandon their homes and items. In April of 1942, the Japanese of San Francisco were required to report to the assembly centers, with many going to Tanforan in San Bruno. Tanforan had previously been a race track that had been converted to house the Japanese temporarily until the internment camps were ready. Because Tanforan had been hastily constructed, the assembly center had poor living conditions and many people had to live out of stables for months until they were sent off to the Topaz Internment Camp. In September of 1942, the first groups arrived at Topaz and would spend the remainder of the war in the camp. They had not broken any laws, nor did they have a fair hearing to voice their opposition. Life in the Topaz camp was difficult, as the weather conditions were harsh, but the Japanese Americans persevered and aided the war effort by donating food and supplies. Without the Japanese living in the Japantown, many African Americans came to settle in the unoccupied neighborhood. As the war went on many jobs were filled by minorities who came to San Francisco to work in the city’s factories. Having nowhere else to go since they were not allowed to live in white neighborhoods, many people settled in the uninhabited Japantown. During the war the African American population of the city increased by over 43,000, with many living in the Western Edition section of San Francisco.As the war came to an end the Japanese slowly started to return to San Francisco, where they found their neighborhood had drastically changed. Housing was very problematic as many families had lost their homes and had to relocate elsewhere. The local churches and schools along with the War Relocation Authority and other government agencies helped in assisting the Japanese to return to the city and in providing temporary places for people to stay. Finding work proved difficult for many people, as hostility against them persisted for years after the war and a lot of companies refused to hire any Japanese Americans. Many lost their businesses and were unable to start over again and so took on manual labor jobs. For many years city officials and business interests were looking at ways to clear the Western Addition of what they called “urban blight”. In 1948 a large part of Japantown had been selected for urban redevelopment and with the passage of the National Housing Act of 1949 the city was granted funds and the ability of eminent domain to clear out areas that they determined were overcrowded or run down. The project was divided into two project areas designated A-1, which was the area south of Post Street, and A-2, which consisted of the land north of Post Street. Soon after the city started their plans for redevelopment, many residents’ banded together and held meetings to discuss the dangers of the city’s plans. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) protested the plans for redevelopment and argued that the city incorporate the following ideas into the order: non-segregation and non-discrimination in new dwellings, construction of permanent, low-cost public housing, priority given to people displaced from the area to move into newly built units, priority given to small businessmen and professional people in commercial areas to move into new building projects, and full protection of present property owners in selling, plus equal and full opportunity to participate in construction of new units if financially able to do so. However, these demands were ignored and never implemented, as the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA) started its plans for the A-1 project and began to buy properties in 1956. From 1950 to 1960 the SFRA slowly cleared out a large portion of the Western Addition. Those evicted were unable to negotiate and were not given any aid in relocating. Over 8,000 people were kicked out of their homes, and of the 2,014 new homes built by the SFRA only 686 of them were offered at affordable prices. Because of the lack of affordable housing, many Japanese had to relocate elsewhere. Restrictions against where they could live meant many left the city to live in the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960 the Japanese population of the Western Addition decreased from 5,383 to 3,914. The construction of the Geary Expressway that began in 1961 would act as a divider between the African-American neighborhood and Japantown. During the A-2 phase of redevelopment, over 11,000 homes were torn down to be replaced with only 7,132 units. City and business officials wished to make the Japantown area into a popular tourist destination and invited many high-priced businesses to the neighborhood. The scope of the A-2 project ranged from Bush to Grove Street to Broderick and Van Ness Avenue and encompassed over 270 acres. To counter the protests and outcry from the A-1 project phase, the United Committee for the Japantown Community was formed in 1962, and together with the Nihonmachi Community Development Cooperation were able to save the four blocks between Bush, Sutter, Webster and Laguna streets from being completely demolished. The local community was also permitted to participate in the creation of the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki, an American-born Japanese architect, designed the project while the peace plaza and pagoda were done by Dr. Yoshiro Taniguchi and donated by the people of Osaka, Japan. Work on the center began in 1965 and took three years. When the center opened, it featured such businesses as Hitachi, Nissan, and Mitsubishi as well as the upscale Miyako Hotel, and the Kinokuniya Bookstore. To preserve the aesthetic of the neighborhood, architects Rai Y. Okamoto and Van Bourg/Nakamura were hired by the SFRA to design the Buchanan Mall project which began construction in 1970 and would finish five years later. The project was done to create a cultural landmark for tourists to visit, with fountains, cobble streets, and a large gate signaling the entrance to Japantown. Unfortunately, due to the development of the Japantown Center and Buchanan Mall, the property value of the neighborhood skyrocketed, preventing many previous residents and businesses from staying in the area. As the focus of the neighborhood switched to become a tourist spot, the Japanese community would be further split apart. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Buchanan Street Looking East December 8, 1941 Subject The topic of the resource A look at Japantown on the morning of December 8, 1941 the day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Collier, John, photographer. Japanese restaurant, Monday morning, December 8, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. San Francisco, California. California San Francisco San Francisco County, 1941. Dec. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa2000052854/PP/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/a043fc6964060c5b235bc417e76ca6a6.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ZuPJ09ms7HbV9fKNa6GeRbWlassfasqx3MHZhjNtc41SbeMFp7xc7WS7VEY6U6Nzi-Hxw0jkQB9-edOjV0gYGUuCkNZ62dSr6jIjlXtFGrPnYj5xhN-YMwlhhvowrRaYE%7E2j5zbUVXb2WRcaY4Ymh2Yovlfle37kNFI%7EN79oRjWW6cZI1bF2sU6LkYmQlNHcCatnD1Hg4erxHIsgFsShJCUUVtGus4SehBi5QtgqixScsZIFVj6Zoa2KnEoO1y4ED6DiknAj6hsK%7Ek6jRdaVaO8JKYyIbDN67cmoS22GIqm1Jmw0OTND2Ky%7EUU2q9bxAJvR%7EWc-o0cxH6GwIFKwDXw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5aa9d6f65353ac24e35e725a5e892dba https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/26924/archive/files/660573e84ed3d163e8c82570c3f127fb.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=AyMpOiJOJOzVhcl7Movaqc48doNCtnQkbSUlSUHqwH2Vnm%7EqPx%7Ed%7EXsbSsWRnkQeLUydhm6hbQs8KFmdemZoTcL-SwuvUG666upL-urT5nUSEZojARe3Ta-PCrtibUX6sGqI-0b8yVw5bF5bqpIi1%7EbpII9WlDs9ZAs2ysIBigkTkmTVYyAHuCY2JyRCyYyKMxfJm91HlGs8dUGU1roQbFPf2r%7EIQJ7GE40yiJ8CNpa%7ETJxqwxoE2rKV4-CCuLFLoXk5Ga1l4kbhXtAIisS99Lnnh1--YRDSga0xNBlQXHDAaqbiWCCmza3u%7EnjrdgiZnz1gha8UAtnP-62A95jxWw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8609efd0fa8123333750e6b06096714e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Francisco's Japantown Subject The topic of the resource San Francisco home to one of the largest Japanese communities in America, had the distinction of having multiple Japantowns within the city. The earliest Japantowns initially started sometime in the 1890s and were located south of the Market District and within Chinatown. San Francisco served as the main focal point of entry for Japanese coming to mainland America, and the Japanese community there is the oldest in the continental United States. Many Japanese organizations got their start in the city, such as the Buddhist Church, (he first Pure Land Buddhist Church in America), which was founded in 1898. The Nihonmachi, south of Market was located along the back streets of Jessie and Stevenson and consisted primarily of lodgings, bath houses, and pool halls. The earthquake of 1906 devastated these two earlier Japantowns along with most records on them. The South Park Japantown was made up of businesses appealing to newly arrived Japanese and travelers, as it was strategically located between the Southern Pacific Railroad Station and docks used by various Japanese shipping companies. This neighborhood was a starting point for many Japanese who had just arrived in America and offered lodgings, baths, general good stores, and places to eat. While the South Park Japantown came and went, the Western Addition was rapidly growing as the majority of Japanese moved there after the earthquake. This area had been the home for many years to many middle, and upper-class white families. However, the neighborhood also had a distinct Jewish population, who owned many of the buildings in the area. After the 1906 Earthquake many of the Japanese who relocated to the Western Addition would rent their homes and businesses from Jewish landlords. The Japanese had settled between Sutter Street to the North, Geary to the South, Webster to the West and Octavia to the East. By 1910 there were over fifty Japanese-run businesses, and the neighborhood was home to over four thousand Japanese. As the main port of trade between Japan and the United States, the San Francisco Japantown catered to visitors from Japan as well as from other Japantowns in the country. The Western Addition Japantown like most Japantowns at the time was made up of bachelors and contained many hotels, bathhouses, and gambling dens. However, within a few short years after the arrival of the picture brides there is evidence of changing demographic, as a few midwives appeared in the area to offer their services. As the neighborhood began to be populated with Japanese families, many of the children started to attend the two local schools, the Raphael Weill School and Pacific Heights Elementary. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1942 raids were conducted on all Japantowns up and down the west coast by the F.B.I. and local police. The Japanese population of San Francisco was required to register at either the Kinmon Gakuen School, the Raphael Weill School, or the YMCA on Buchanan Street. Within a few short weeks the entire Japanese community had to prepare to be evacuated and started to make plans for what to do with their homes, businesses, and belongings. A lot of businesses had to sell their inventory at a loss, and some families had to abandon their homes and items. In April of 1942, the Japanese of San Francisco were required to report to the assembly centers, with many going to Tanforan in San Bruno. Tanforan had previously been a race track that had been converted to house the Japanese temporarily until the internment camps were ready. Because Tanforan had been hastily constructed, the assembly center had poor living conditions and many people had to live out of stables for months until they were sent off to the Topaz Internment Camp. In September of 1942, the first groups arrived at Topaz and would spend the remainder of the war in the camp. They had not broken any laws, nor did they have a fair hearing to voice their opposition. Life in the Topaz camp was difficult, as the weather conditions were harsh, but the Japanese Americans persevered and aided the war effort by donating food and supplies. Without the Japanese living in the Japantown, many African Americans came to settle in the unoccupied neighborhood. As the war went on many jobs were filled by minorities who came to San Francisco to work in the city’s factories. Having nowhere else to go since they were not allowed to live in white neighborhoods, many people settled in the uninhabited Japantown. During the war the African American population of the city increased by over 43,000, with many living in the Western Edition section of San Francisco.As the war came to an end the Japanese slowly started to return to San Francisco, where they found their neighborhood had drastically changed. Housing was very problematic as many families had lost their homes and had to relocate elsewhere. The local churches and schools along with the War Relocation Authority and other government agencies helped in assisting the Japanese to return to the city and in providing temporary places for people to stay. Finding work proved difficult for many people, as hostility against them persisted for years after the war and a lot of companies refused to hire any Japanese Americans. Many lost their businesses and were unable to start over again and so took on manual labor jobs. For many years city officials and business interests were looking at ways to clear the Western Addition of what they called “urban blight”. In 1948 a large part of Japantown had been selected for urban redevelopment and with the passage of the National Housing Act of 1949 the city was granted funds and the ability of eminent domain to clear out areas that they determined were overcrowded or run down. The project was divided into two project areas designated A-1, which was the area south of Post Street, and A-2, which consisted of the land north of Post Street. Soon after the city started their plans for redevelopment, many residents’ banded together and held meetings to discuss the dangers of the city’s plans. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) protested the plans for redevelopment and argued that the city incorporate the following ideas into the order: non-segregation and non-discrimination in new dwellings, construction of permanent, low-cost public housing, priority given to people displaced from the area to move into newly built units, priority given to small businessmen and professional people in commercial areas to move into new building projects, and full protection of present property owners in selling, plus equal and full opportunity to participate in construction of new units if financially able to do so. However, these demands were ignored and never implemented, as the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA) started its plans for the A-1 project and began to buy properties in 1956. From 1950 to 1960 the SFRA slowly cleared out a large portion of the Western Addition. Those evicted were unable to negotiate and were not given any aid in relocating. Over 8,000 people were kicked out of their homes, and of the 2,014 new homes built by the SFRA only 686 of them were offered at affordable prices. Because of the lack of affordable housing, many Japanese had to relocate elsewhere. Restrictions against where they could live meant many left the city to live in the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960 the Japanese population of the Western Addition decreased from 5,383 to 3,914. The construction of the Geary Expressway that began in 1961 would act as a divider between the African-American neighborhood and Japantown. During the A-2 phase of redevelopment, over 11,000 homes were torn down to be replaced with only 7,132 units. City and business officials wished to make the Japantown area into a popular tourist destination and invited many high-priced businesses to the neighborhood. The scope of the A-2 project ranged from Bush to Grove Street to Broderick and Van Ness Avenue and encompassed over 270 acres. To counter the protests and outcry from the A-1 project phase, the United Committee for the Japantown Community was formed in 1962, and together with the Nihonmachi Community Development Cooperation were able to save the four blocks between Bush, Sutter, Webster and Laguna streets from being completely demolished. The local community was also permitted to participate in the creation of the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center. Minoru Yamasaki, an American-born Japanese architect, designed the project while the peace plaza and pagoda were done by Dr. Yoshiro Taniguchi and donated by the people of Osaka, Japan. Work on the center began in 1965 and took three years. When the center opened, it featured such businesses as Hitachi, Nissan, and Mitsubishi as well as the upscale Miyako Hotel, and the Kinokuniya Bookstore. To preserve the aesthetic of the neighborhood, architects Rai Y. Okamoto and Van Bourg/Nakamura were hired by the SFRA to design the Buchanan Mall project which began construction in 1970 and would finish five years later. The project was done to create a cultural landmark for tourists to visit, with fountains, cobble streets, and a large gate signaling the entrance to Japantown. Unfortunately, due to the development of the Japantown Center and Buchanan Mall, the property value of the neighborhood skyrocketed, preventing many previous residents and businesses from staying in the area. As the focus of the neighborhood switched to become a tourist spot, the Japanese community would be further split apart. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jason Bowman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manzanar Internment Camp Subject The topic of the resource The majority of San Francisco's Japanese American population were sent to the Manzanar Internment Camp for the remainder of the war. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Adams, Ansel, photographer. Manzanar street scene, winter, Manzanar Relocation Center / photograph by Ansel Adams. California Manzanar, 1943. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2002695965/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) Adams, Ansel, photographer. Entrance to Manzanar, Manzanar Relocation Center / photograph by Ansel Adams. California Manzanar, 1943. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2002695960/. (Accessed January 24, 2018.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943